The great Maharishi, Susruta was the inventor of this branch of Ayurveda. He even wrote a book on surgery titled 'Salya Chikitsa'. This book describes various surgical operations and the devices associated with them.
Term Salya means foreign body. This branch deals with the removal of the foreign matter. Along with the school of Medicine in India, the school surgery also existed which is popularly called as Dhanwantariya Sampradaya or Dhanvanthiri's school. The Vedic corpus gives narration of the miraculous surgeries performed by Asvinis, the divine twin gods .The compendium of Sushruta, Sushruta Samhita is the magnum opus of ancient Indian surgery; it narrates the theory and practice of that time in detail. In fact, Sushrutha can be rightly called the father of Surgery. He narrates for the first time, description of human cadaver for proper anatomical understanding. Thorwald Jurgeon of Germany in his work of Science and Secrets of Medicine observes as follows - Certainly this was (Sushruta's) the oldest term in dissection known to history.
Sushruta explains one hundred and one ------- instruments or Yantras classified into six classes.

Cruciform or Swastika
Pineer like or Samdamsa
Flat edged or Tala
Tabular or Nadi
Rod - like or Salaka
Accessary or Upayantras

He narrates eight kinds of surgical techniques or sastrakarma such as

Incising
Excising
Scraping
Puncturing
Probing
Extracting
Draining
Suturing

All the surgical operations that are carried out involve one or more of these eight techniques only and it is hard to add any new one even today. For making a patient insensible to pain for a successful operation, he adopted the use of wine, as an anesthetic. Many accept him as a pioneer in the science of anesthesia in the remote past of the history of surgery in India. Sushrutha should be regarded as the pioneer to imagine, evolve and introduce simple experimental models for training in surgical procedures. The ingenuity of Sushrutha is best reflected in the systematic division of operative procedures in three distinct stages

Pre-operative or purvakarma
Operation proper or Pradhana karma
Post-operative procedure or Paschatkarma

His narration of postoperative wards and keeping the patient in sterile conditions shows his depth in this subject. He narrates about 14 kinds of bandages and specifies the kinds suitable to different parts of the body.
Parasurgical measures narrated by him show that he (Sushrutha) was not keen to resort to hold knife at the first instance. He advocates safer and simple techniques like

Blood lilting or Raktamoksana
Application of poultries of drugs
Cautery - Kshara and agnikarmas

Sushruta's contribution in reconstructive surgery or plastic surgery is outstanding. Reconstruction of mutilated nose (Rhinoplasty), ear to be (Otoplasty) and lips (Oroplasty), grafting of the healthy skin from the cheek, rotation of the pedicle flap transfer to the nose, ear or lips and reconstruction resembling the normal shape, all have been described by Sushruta in a meticulous manner.
This narration of Rhinoplasty has stood the test of time and finds mention as the Indian method in modern books on plastic surgery.
We can find surgical treatment for diseases like

Hemorrhoids
Fistula inano or bhaganda
Urinary calculi or Asmari
Hernia or anthravriddhi
Intestinal obstruction or baddhadara
Perforation of abdominal viscera or Chidrodara
Tumors or Gulma
Benign tumors or Granthi
Obstructed labour or mudhagarbha

Bala Chikitsa (Pediatrics)

Visha Chikitsa( Toxicology)

Graha Chikitsa( Psychiatry)

Rasayana Chikitsa( Rejuvenation therapy)

Salakya Chikitsa (ENT and eye diseases)

Vajeekarana Chikitsa(Aphrodisiac therapy)